With a length of 950 km, Karun River is the longest river in Iran. In this study, we aimed at application of Sentinel-3B satellite altimetry data as well as Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellite imagery for the estimation of Karun River discharge and validation with the in-situ data. Knowing that Level-2 altimetry data are not reliable for rivers and shallow waters, we opted to re-track the waveforms of Level-1B Sentinel-3B mission data and to test several re-tracking techniques for this purpose. The results showed that the threshold algorithm, with threshold of 90%, improves the accuracy of the time series of water level by 7. 05% and increases the correlation with the in-situ gauge data by 12. 7% as compared with those obtained via Level-2 data based on OCOG that was identified as the optimum re-tracker in this case. Next, from the estimated time series of the river’ s water level, the time series of Karun River discharge were evaluated in order to constitute our discharge estimation based on Sentinel-3B satellite altimetry data, which further to be compared with the discharge that we calculated using satellite imagery of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2, while taking the in-situ data as the benchmark. The river’ s discharge time series obtained from the altimetry data resulted in RMSE value of 852. 31 m 3 /s, NSE coefficient of 0. 19 m 3 /s, and correlation of 62. 40% with the in-situ river discharge time series. On the other hand, the river discharge time series obtained from satellite imagery of Sentinel-1 mission resulted in RMSE value of 165. 06 m 3 /s, NSE coefficient of 0. 94 m 3 /s, and correlation of 97. 12%, and Sentinel-2 mission the RMSE value 264. 23 m 3 /s, NSE coefficient of 0. 81 m 3 /s, and the correlation of 97. 32% with in-situ data. The overall results of this study indicates that various Copernicus satellites missions have good potentiality for Karun River discharge monitoring.

Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common type of cancer among women. Effective screening programs can help cancer detection in early phases and reduce death. Metastasis to lymph nodes is one of the most prognostic factors in patients who underwent surgery. Also, a positive result from pathology report alert oncologist as a cause of death. Sentinel lymph node biopsy has been widely studied and clinically used for many types of cancer. Methods: Two techniques exist for detecting Sentinel node in cervical cancer, which are Blue dye and gamma probe with radioactive isotope (99mTc). Moreover, lymphoscintigraphy has many advantages over the stain method. Detecting the Sentinel node is performed via laparoscopy or laparotomy; former method is better and more accurate. Results: Various researchers have focused on this method and its positive results; its superiority against full lymphadenectomy has been declared in previous studies. Moreover, the role of Sentinel lymph nodes biopsy in cervical cancer is still being extensively studied. Sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) method has a higher accuracy level to detect metastasis. Conclusion: Hence, it can be considered as a more appropriate alternative for pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND), which is a standard technique. Altering the method to a standard clinical method needs in-depth researches and studies.

Background: The tendency to spread to Sentinel lymph node (SLN) may differ depending on the biological, clinical, and histopathological features of tumors. If the factors that affect SLN metastasis (SLNM) are known, there may be no need to perform SLN biopsy (SLNB) in some groups. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting SLNM in patients who underwent surgery and SLNB before (surgery group) or after (neoadjuvant chemotherapy group) systemic therapy in the light of current biological characteristics of tumors and patients. Methods: The study included patients who were operated on for breast cancer and underwent SLNB in our institute between 2017 and 2019. The study included a total of 1, 050 patients, who were divided into the surgery (n=900) and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) groups (n=150). The patients' tumor localization, tumor size, histological subtype, grade, receptor status, lymphovascular invasion (LVI) status, the number of Sentinel lymph nodes removed, metastatic lymph nodes in SLNB, and axillary dissection status were analyzed in this study. Results: The study included a total of 1, 050 patients, who were assigned to the surgery (n=900) and NAC groups (n=150). Of the patients, 311 (34. 5%) cases had SLNM. In the surgery group, multivariate analyses showed that grade III, LVI, Her2 (+) increased the risk of metastasis. In the NAC group, the analyses showed Pre-NAC clinical findings of LN metastasis and luminal A subtypes as effective factors. The factors affecting SLNM were analyzed, and the univariate analyses showed that grades II and III, a tumor size of>2 cm, LVI, Her2 (+), and triple negative increased the risk of metastasis. The analyses also revealed LVI as the most important risk factor for SLN metastasis. Conclusion: Knowing the factors affecting SLNM can provide clues for the type of intervention, reconstruction, and radiotherapy planning of patients to be operated on directly or after NAC. In our study, it was found that patient age, tumor size, tumor biology, tumor grade, and especially LVI status were very important in predicting SLN positivity. It is believed that these features should be taken into account when determining the treatment strategy.